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Often referred to as the man who changed the face of India’s economy in post-independence India. the prevailing economic crisis at the time was caused by the devaluation of the currency due to low balance of payments reserves, which left the country in a state of double deficit.
Today, India celebrates 75 years of independence and enters its 76th year as a sovereign, democratic and secular nation. India has gone through several milestones over the past 7.5 decades. One of the main reasons for India’s steady growth is its visionary leadership.
India is blessed with heads of state who have never shied away from taking tough calls for the welfare of the respective country across party lines. Let’s take a look at 8 of these leaders who defined post-independence India.
1. Jawaharlal Nehru: Independent India’s first and longest serving Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, in 35 years, when Mahatma Gandhi chose Nehru as Speaker of the Congress session in Lahore, until his death, as Prime Minister, in 1964, Nehru remained – despite the debacle of the brief conflict with China in 1962, the idol of his people. His secular approach won him a lot of admiration among the masses.
Nehru’s significance from the perspective of Indian history is that he imported and transmitted modern values and ways of thinking, which he adapted to Indian conditions. Besides his emphasis on secularism and the fundamental unity of India, despite its ethnic and religious diversities, Nehru was deeply concerned with advancing India into the modern age of scientific discovery and technological development. In addition, he aroused in his people an awareness of the need for social concern for the poor and the excluded and for respect for democratic values. One of the achievements of which he was particularly proud was the reform of the ancient Hindu civil code which finally allowed Hindu widows to enjoy equality with men in matters of inheritance and property. Nehru’s efforts helped solve the problem of the Portuguese colony of Goathe last foreign controlled entity in India.
2. Lal Bahadur Shastri: India’s second and probably most oppressed prime minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri, took over as prime minister on June 9, 1964. He promoted the White Revolution, a nationwide campaign to increase milk production. He also promoted the Green Revolution, to increase food production in the country.
During his brief tenure, India faced aggression from Pakistan in 1965. He gave the armed forces carte blanche to retaliate and declared that “force will meet force”.
3) Indira Gandhi: India’s first and only female Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, held the post for three separate terms; first between 1967 and 1971, then between 1971 and 1977, and finally between 1980 and 1984. On July 19, 1969, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi nationalized 14 private sector banks by order.
The first reason for nationalization was due to the unpredictable way in which these banks operated, where 361 private banks “failed” across the country between 1947 and 1955. Depositors would lose all their money because no guarantees were offered to them by their respective banks.
Another reason for the nationalization was the fact that these banks only catered to large industries and businesses.
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On the night of March 25, 1971; Pakistan launched Operation Searchlight against East Pakistan (Bangladesh), where it carried out the targeted elimination of Bengali nationalist civilians, students, intelligentsia, religious minorities and armed personnel.
Extensive military operations and airstrikes were carried out in rural and urban areas of East Pakistan, to quell civil disobedience following the 1970 elections. on the local population. They engaged in mass murder, deportations and genocidal rapes.
This led to the flight of 10 million refugees from East Pakistan to India, while displacing 30 million others. A Provincial Government of Bangladesh was established in Mujilbnagar and granted temporary asylum by India, as they moved to Calcutta as “Government-in-Exile”.
India joined the war on December 3, 1971, following preemptive airstrikes by Pakistan in northern India. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi expressed her full support for East Pakistan and concluded that instead of hosting millions of refugees,
March 26, 1971 is officially considered Bangladesh Independence Day, and the name had been in effect ever since. Bangladesh applied for admission to the United Nations with most votes in favor except for China.
Under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, India sent its first man into space, Rakesh Sharma.
4) Rajiv Gandhi: Rajiv Gandhi, India’s youngest Prime Minister at the age of 40, is often credited with bringing telecommunications to the country. In 1986, MTNL (Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited) and VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam) were established. In 1987, as an adviser to Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, Pitroda led six technology missions related to telecommunications, water, literacy, immunization, dairy products and oilseeds.
5) PV Narasimha Rao: Often referred to as the man who changed the face of India’s economy in post-independence India. the prevailing economic crisis at the time was caused by the devaluation of the currency due to low balance of payments reserves, which left the country in a state of double deficit.
On assuming the post of Prime Minister of India, PV Narasimha Rao appointed Manmohan Singh as Minister of Finance. The duo launched the New Economic Policy of 1991, under which reforms were introduced; for the reduction of import tariffs and the deregulation of markets leading to a reduction in taxes. The Raj license was abolished, ending state monopolies, and the market expanded to include more foreign investment.
At the turn of the 21st century, India moved towards a market economy, with a substantial reduction in state control over the economy and increased financial liberalisation.
6) Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Atal Bihari Vajpayee India, India’s first unconventional Prime Minister; first served a term of only 13 days before resigning in 1996, then for 11 months between 1998 and 1999, and finally for a full term in 1999 until 2004.
Under the Vajpayee government, a divestment department was established to deal with privatization candidates, along with the establishment of a cabinet committee on divestment to regulate rapid approvals.
The Vajpayee government’s privatization drive began with the sale of Modern Food Industries to Hindustan Unilever (HUL) in 2000. Following this, his government facilitated the sale of Bharat Aluminum Company Ltd (BALCO) and Hindustan Zinc Ltd to Sterlite Anil Agarwal Industries. IT companies, CMC Ltd and Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd (VSNL), were sold to Tata. Fuel retailers IBP Co. Ltd were sold to Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) and Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd (IPCL).
Under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s government, India was granted the status of a ‘full nuclear state’. India also won the Kargil War against Pakistan during Vajpayee’s tenure.
Manmohan Singh: Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, served as India’s Prime Minister from 2004 to 2014. India recorded the highest GDP under the leadership of Manmohan Singh according to GDP Retrospective Series data prepared by the Industry Statistics Committee real, compiled by the National Statistics Commission, India achieved a growth rate of 10.08% in 2006-2007 under the leadership of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s government. The report was published on the website of the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation (MSPI).
7) Narendra Modi: Prime Minister Narendra Modi has ruled the country since 2014, and in his second term he was able to ensure that his party won the trust of the people by an even greater margin. One of its greatest achievements is considered to be the repeal of the 72-year-old Article 370 and the integration of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh into the mainstream. Section 370 grants special status to Jammu and Kashmir. The government also announced the split of the state into two union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.
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